physical changes and health(do not covered because not important)
Children with Disabilities
-learning disabilities: children who has difficulty in learning- 1)understanding and using spoken or writing language 2)difficult in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling 3)difficulty in doing math 4)dyslexia, mental retardation, emotional disorder.
-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 1)inattention 2)hyperactivity 3)impulsivity
-Autism spectrum disorder: Autistic disorder(自闭症). Mild autism name Asperger syndrome(轻微自闭症)
cognitive changes
-Piaget's cognitive developmental theory: 7-11yrs old.
1)reason logically
2)imagination-reversible mental action applied to real.
3)ability to classify or divide things into different set or subsets and to consider the interrelationships
4)seriation: ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension such as length
5)transitivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand certain certain conclusion
-information processing
1)memory:
*knowledge and expertise (extensive knowledge about a particular content area, influence what they notice and how they organize, represent, and interpret information).
*strategies:mental imagery and elaboration (way to learning and remembering information, require effort)
*Fuzzy trace theory: verbatim memory trace(precise details of the information) and gist(central idea of the information)
2)thinking:
*critical thinking: reflectively, productively, and evaluating evidence. analyze, infer, connect, synthesize, criticize, create, evaluate, think and rethink.
*creative thinking: convergent thinking(produce one correct answer) and divergent thinking(produce many answer for one question). brainstorming,don't over control, build children confidence.
*scientific thinking: questions about reality and seek answers to problems. aim at identifying causal relations.
-intelligence:
1)ability to solve problem and adapt and learn from experiences.
2)types of intelligence: Sternberg's Triachic Theory- analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence (improtant worr....) Gardner's eight frames of mind- verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist.
-interpreting difference in IQ Scores (not important)
-extremes of intelligence: mental retardation(迟钝) and Giftedness(恩赐)
Language development
-vocabulary, grammar, and metalinguistic awareness
1)mental vocabulary is organized- if u ask "dog", child may answer "cat" and "bird" which in group "animal". about 40000 words. metalinguistic awareness
-reading
1)whole-language approach: based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
2)phonic approach: the idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
-bilingualism and second-language learning
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